Barbituric acid antigens and antibodies specific therefor

ABSTRACT

Barbituric acid antigens are prepared by coupling 5- or 5,5-substituted barbituric acid to immunogenic carrier materials. In preferred embodiments, proteins are used as the carrier materials and the coupling is effected by an amide linkage between the 5-substituent of the barbituric acid and a carboxyl or amino group of the protein. The resulting antigens produce immunological effects when injected into host animals, including the formation of antibodies specific for 5- and 5,5-substituted barbituric acids. These specific antibodies are useful in bioanalytical techniques for the assay of barbituric acids in biological fluids.

This is a continuation, of application Ser. No. 378,744 filed July 12,1973, now abandoned, which is a divisional application of Ser. No.174,517, filed Aug. 24, 1971, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,766,162.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The large increase in the use of sedatives including barbituric acids bythe general population has brought with it a substantial need to improveanalytical techniques for the determination of such materials inbiological fluids. In many instances, medical treatment centers arefaced with the need of determining the identity of a sedative taken by apatient who, being in a comatose condition, is unable to supply suchinformation to the treating physician. There has also been muchpublicity in recent years concerning drug abuse, particularly abuse ofsedatives such as barbituric acid derivatives.

At present, procedures for the identification of barbituric acidderivatives involve extraction and thin layer chromatographic methods.These techniques have the disadvantage of being relatively timeconsuming, laborious and lacking great sensitivity. A more rapid andhighly sensitive assay for the presence of barbituric acid derivativesin biological fluids would thus represent an extremely important advancein the art.

It has been known in the art for some time that various small molecules(haptens), which by themselves are wholly devoid of antigenicity, canmodify the antigenic properties of a protein when a small molecule iscombined with the protein through stable covalent linkages. In U.S. Pat.No. 2,372,066, patented Mar. 20, 1945, it is disclosed that antigens maybe prepared by combining histamine or histamine-like compounds bylinking the imidazole ring to a desired protein through a radicalcontaining a group capable of coupling with the protein. These antigensare used either by direct injection into a subject whereby resistance,refractoriness or active immunity is developed in said subject or forinjecting into host animals from which antibodies specific to the haptenmoiety, e.g. the histamine or histamine-like substance are developed.

A similar contemporary disclosure was made by Landsteiner in the"Specificity of Serological Reactions", Harvard University Press,Cambridge, Massachusetts (1945) wherein p-amino benzene arsonic acid wascoupled to a protein via its diazonium salt to form a chemically simple,well-defined compound which was antigenic and stimulated the productionof antibodies. Furthermore, the antibodies to this immunogen (conjugatedprotein) can combine with the small molecule, e.g. the arsonic acidwhich is unattached to any protein. This antibody is quite specific inactivity. For example, if an isomer of arsonilic acid, in which the--AsO₃ H group is in the meta position relative to the amino group, isutilized, it will not combine with the antibody formed against theprotein-arsonilic acid complex in which the --AsO₃ H group is para tothe amino group.

It should be mentioned that it is not yet possible, in the present stateof the art, to predict or determine what properties are required toenable a molecule to act as an antigen. At one time, molecular weightand the possession of an aromatic group were thought to be the decidingfactors. With time, the critical molecular weight required forantigenicity has been remarkably reduced. It is still believed, however,that the molecular weight will, to some extent, determine the antigeniccapabilities of a molecule. Other factors such as molecular shape andchemical reactivity must also play a role in the antigenic propertiesand thus render prediction of such properties exceedingly moredifficult.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a novel class of antigens comprising a5- or 5,5-substituted barbituric acid hapten moiety coupled to animmunogenic carrier material. In preferred embodiments, the barbituricacid derivative is covalently bonded to a protein or polypeptidemolecule by a peptide linkage. This peptide linkage involves either acarboxyl group located on a 5-substituent of the barbituric acid moietyand an amino group on the protein or polypeptide chain or an amino grouplocated on the 5-substituent of the barbituric acid moiety and acarboxyl group on the protein or polypeptide chain. Additionally, thepresent invention relates to antibodies which will complex with somespecificity with the 5- or 5,5-substituted barbituric acid haptens.These antibodies are produced by treating host animals with theaforesaid antigen. Such specific antibodies are readily isolated fromsera obtained from host animals after treatment of these host animalswith the antigen.

As used herein, the term "immunogenic carrier material" is meant toinclude those materials which have the property of independentlyeliciting an immunogenic response in a host animal when injected thereinand which can be coupled with covalent bonding to the aforedescribedbarbituric acid hapten. Suitable carrier materials include, for example,proteins; natural or synthetic polymeric compounds such as polypeptides,e.g. polylysine or polyglutamic acid; polysaccharides; and the like.Particularly preferred carrier materials for the practice of the presentinvention are proteins and polypeptides, especially proteins.

The identity of the protein material utilized in the preparation of apreferred antigen of the present invention is not critical. Examples ofpreferred proteins useful in the practice of this invention includemammalian serum proteins such as, for example, human gamma globulin,human serum albumin, bovine serum albumin, rabbit serum albumin andbovine gamma globulin. Other suitable protein products will be suggestedto one skilled in the art. It is generally preferred that proteins beutilized which are foreign to the animal hosts in which the resultingantigen will be employed.

The barbituric acid derivative useful to prepare the antigens of thepresent invention are those which are mono- or disubstituted in the5-position and which contain no substituents on the nitrogen atoms inthe 1- and 3-positions. There must also be present on the 5-substituentof the aforesaid barbituric acid at least one carboxy or amino groupwhich serves to couple with the immunogenic carrier material. Examplesof groups which may be present in the 5-position of a barbituric acidfor the above purpose are straight or branched chain alkyl groups, e.g.methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, n-hexyl, isopropyl, sec.-butyl,3-pentyl, α-methyl-butyl and α,γ-dimethyl-butyl; cycloalkyl groups, e.g.cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl; aryl groups, e.g. phenyl; alkenyl groups,e.g. allyl, methallyl and so forth; carboxy-substituted- straight orbranched chain alkyl groups, e.g. carboxy-methyl, β-carboxy-ethyl,β-carboxy-α-methyl-ethyl, β-carboxy-α,β,β-trimethyl-ethyl,β-carboxy-β-ethyl-α-methyl-ethyl, γ-carboxy-α-methyl-propyl,α,β-dicarboxy-ethyl, and so forth; carboxy-substituted cycloalkylgroups, e.g. 2-carboxy-cyclopentyl, 2-carboxy-cyclohexyl, and so forth;carboxy-substituted aralkyl groups, e.g. p-carboxy-benzyl,p-carboxy-α-methyl-benzyl and so forth. Barbituric acid derivativeshaving substituent groups containing an amino function in place of thecarboxyl function may be prepared from those having a carboxyl functionby a number of methods, for example, the Hoffman reaction, the Curtiusreaction, the Schmidt reaction and so forth. Barbituric acids having anamino substituent in the 5-side chain may also be prepared from thecarboxy compound by reacting the carboxy compound with a derivative of adiamine such as para-phenylenediamine. In this case the carboxyl groupis converted into an amide by linkage to one amino group of the diaminemoiety. The other amino group, can then be utilized to form an amidelinkage with the carboxyl group of a protein or polypeptide, asdescribed below.

The coupling of the barbituric acid hapten with the protein to form theantigen of the present invention can be readily accomplished utilizingtechniques now well known in protein chemistry for establishing peptidebonds. Thus, for example, one such technique would involve dissolvingthe protein and a dehydrating agent in a suitable inert solvent followedby adding a large molar excess of the desired barbituric acid hapten.The reaction may be conducted at a temperature in the range of fromabout 0° to about 50° C., although higher or lower temperatures might beemployed depending on the nature of the reactants and the denaturizationtemperature of the protein. A most preferable temperature is from about0° to about room temperature. It is desirable to utilize a slightlyacidic reaction medium, e.g., a medium having a pH in the range of fromabout 3 to 6.5, most preferably in the range of from about 4 to 6.5.Upon completion of the reaction, the excess hapten molecules anddehydration agent may be removed by dialysis. The dialysis may bemonitored by checking the dialysate for the presence of hapten ordehydrating agent or, alternatively, may be conducted for apre-determined period of time, e.g., 3 days. Purified antigen isrecovered as a residue in the dialysis bag.

The dehydrating agent which may be used in the aforesaid reaction willbe selected from those commonly employed in peptide chemistry forinitiating the formation of a peptide bond. A particularly suitablegroup of dehydrating agents comprise the carbodiimides, most preferably,dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide. The amount of molarexcess of the hapten over the protein in the aforesaid reaction will, ofcourse, depend upon the identity of the hapten utilized and the proteinselected for the reaction. Generally, a molar excess in the range offrom about 100 to 1000, most preferably in the range of from about 500to 1000 will be utilized. It is generally found that from about 2 toabout 3 barbituric acid derivative groups are added to a molecule ofprotein depending of course on the amount of molar excess of haptenused.

Another useful technique for the preparation of the antigens of thepresent invention is to first form an activated derivative of thecarboxyl group of the hapten moiety and then to react said activatedderivative with the protein to form the desired antigen. Suitableactivated derivatives include activated esters such as p-nitrophenylesters; acylimidazoles; and so forth. Activated ester derivatives areconveniently prepared from the free acid by reacting said free acid withthe desired alcohol in the presence of a suitable dehydrating agent suchas a carbodiimide, under reaction conditions similar to those describedabove. Acylimidazoles may be prepared by reacting the free carboxylgroup with, for example, carbonyldiimidazole.

The antigen may be prepared from the activated derivative by contactingsaid activated derivative with the desired protein. As above, theantigen is usually purified by dialysis.

Antigens of the present invention may also be prepared by couplingbarbituric acid haptens having a free amino group with the carboxylgroup of a protein. The technique involved here is identical to thatdescribed above except that activated derivatives of the free carboxylgroups of the protein would be prepared and then reacted with the aminecontaining hapten.

The antigens of the present invention can also be prepared frompolypeptides having free carboxyl or amino groups in the same manner asdescribed above for proteins, using the carbodiimide dehydrationtechnique. Suitable polypeptides containing free carboxyl groups includepoly-L-glutamic acid. Suitable polypeptides containing free amino groupsinclude poly-L-lysine.

Another useful technique for preparing antigens from polypeptide carriermaterials is to first react a barbituric acid hapten containing a freeamino group with a poly ester of a polypeptide containing side chaincarboxyl group, e.g., poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate, according to knownprocedures, to form the new polypeptide bond. By employing thistechnique, a high ratio of hapten to carrier material can be effected.Thus, if poly-γ-benzyl-L-glytamate is utilized, one molecule of aminohapten can be introduced for each amino acid in the polypeptide chain,providing a large number of active sites to induce antibody formation.The number of active sites can be varied, if desired, by using a carriermaterial which is a copolymer of an amino acid containing a side chaincarboxyl group with another amino acid not having a carboxyl side chain,e.g., a copolymer of glutamic acid and lysine. In such a copolymer, theratio of, for example, the glutamic acid to the lysine, can becontrolled as desired.

The antigen of the present invention may be utilized to induce formationof antibodies specific to 5- and 5,5-substituted barbituric acids in theserum of host animals by injecting the antigen in such host repeatedlyover a period of time, collecting the serum, precipitating the antibodywith a neutral salt solution and purifying the antibody by dialysis andcolumn chromatography. Suitable host animals for this purpose includemammals such as rabbits, horses, goats, guinea pigs, rats, cows, sheep,etc. The resulting antibody will have a multiplicity of active siteswhich will selectively complex with either the substituted barbituricacid or the antigen prepared therefrom, as described above.

The formation of substituted barbituric acid specific antibodies in thehost animals may be monitored by taking blood samples from the hostanimals and adding to it an amount of the barbituric acid-proteinantigen. The presence of a precipitate indicates antibody activity. Theantigen treatment of the animal can be continued until the antibodytiter reaches the desired level of activity. For the purposes of thisapplication, the antibody titer is defined as being the maximumconcentration of protein precipitated following the addition of varyingknown concentrations of antigen to fixed volumes of serum, e.g., 0.5 ml.

The barbituric acid specific antibodies can be isolated from the sera oftreated host animals by utilizing techniques well known in thebiochemical arts. For example, the sera obtained from treated hostanimals can be acted upon by a neutral salt which will effectprecipitation of the desired barbituric acid specific antibodies.Suitable neutral salts for this purpose include sodium sulfate,magnesium sulfate, a sodium hydrogen phosphate mixture or ammoniumsulfate. The neutral salt preferred for the purpose of the presentinvention is ammonium sulfate. Purification techniques subsequent to theprecipitation step may also be employed. For example, the obtainedantibodies may be further purified by subjecting such antibody todialysis and column chromatography. The resulting antibody may becharacterized as being a gamma globulin having a molecular weight ofabout 160,000. This antibody will complex with barbituric acid haptensand barbituric acid antigens described above.

The specific antibodies of the present invention are useful as reagentsin biochemical assays for the determination of the presence of 5- and5,5-substituted barbituric acid derivatives in biological fluids. Aparticularly preferred assay procedure is an immuno precipitationprocedure which can be used to measure nanogram amounts of barbituricacid derivatives in serum or urine. In such a procedure, a known amountof labelled barbituric acid derivative is mixed with the barbituric acidspecific antibody and a sample containing the unknown quantity ofbarbituric acid derivative. The amount of barbituric acid derivative inthe sample can be determined by measuring the amount of competitiveinhibition observed between the binding of the labeled barbituric acidderivative and the sample barbituric acid derivative with the barbituricacid specific antibody and then calculating the amount of barbituricacid derivative in the sample from a standard curve. Suitable labeledbarbituric acid derivatives for this purpose include isotopicallylabeled barbituric acid derivatives, particularly those labeled withcarbon 14, as well as barbituric acid derivatives labeled with anelectron spin resonance group. Examples of the use of various electronspin resonance labled molecules in bio-assays are to be found in U.S.Pat. Nos. 3,453,288, 3,481,952 and 3,507,876.

The antibodies prepared according to the present invention are specificfor haptens and antigens in which the basic barbituric acid ring ismono- or di-substituted in the 5-position. Examples of such barbituricacids include barbital, pentobarbital and phenobarbital. The antibodywill not differentiate between barbituric acids having differentsubstituents in the 5-position. If the basic barbituric acid ring systemcontains one or more substituents on the nitrogen atoms in the 1- and3-positions, the binding of such haptens or the antigens derivedtherefrom to the antibody is greatly decreased so that such barbituricacid derivatives can be readily distinguished from those described aboveby running the assay at a dilution at which little or no binding occurs.If the basic barbituric acid ring system is changed, for example, bychanging the ring size, no binding to the antibody is observed. Thus, itcan be seen that the technique of the present invention allows fordetermination of minute amounts of 5- and 5,5-substituted barbituricacid derivatives with great specificity.

The novel antigens and antibodies of the present invention may beutilized in conjunction with conventional additives, buffers,stabilizers, diluents, or in combination with other physiologicallyactive substances. The preparation and use of compositions containingantigens or antibodies in conjunction with physiologically acceptableadjuvants is now well known in the art.

This invention is further illustrated by the following specificexamples.

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of Antigen

5-(β-Carboethoxy-α-methyl-ethyl)-barbituric acid was treated with allylbromide at 50° C. to afford5-allyl-5-(β-carboethoxy-α-methyl-ethyl)-barbituric acid, m.p. 114°.Alkaline saponification of this compound afforded5-allyl-5-(β-carboxy-α-methyl-ethyl)-barbituric acid, which wasrecrystallized from water, m.p. 200°.

Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀ H₁₄ N₂ O₅ : C, 51.96; H, 5.55; Found: C, 52.10; H,5.32.

5-Allyl-5-(β-carboxy-α-methyl-ethyl)-barbituric acid (10 mg.) wasdissolved in 0.5 ml. dimethyl formamide (DMF) and was treated first witha solution of 5 mg. dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCC) in 0.5 ml. DMF andthen with a solution of 12 mg. p-nitrophenol in 0.5 ml. DMF at 4° C.After standing overnight at this temperature, the mixture was evaporatedto dryness and then dissolved in 1.5 ml. of a 1:1 mixture ofglycerine-water. Bovine serum albumin (20 mg.) was added and the mixturewas allowed to react for eight hours at room temperature and thenovernight at 4° C. The product was then dialyzed against distilled waterfor two days to remove unreacted barbituric acid derivative and thep-nitrophenol which was displaced from the barbituric acid by theprotein, to afford the bovine serum albumin-barbituric acid conjugate.The degree of substitution was estimated to be 2-3 moles of barbituratesper mole of protein, calculated from the extinction coefficient of theabsorbtion at 202 mμ.

In a similar experiment, an antigen was prepared in the identical mannerusing bovine gamma globulin as the protein.

EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of Antibody

New Zealand albino rabbits were immunized with 1 mg. of barbituricacid-bovine gamma globulin antigen prepared as described in Example 1.100 μg. of the conjugate in phosphate-buffered saline pH 7.2 wasemulsified with an equal volume of complete Freund's adjuvant. Theinitial dose was 1.6 ml., 0.4 ml. being injected into each foot pad. Abooster injection of 100 μg. of antigen in adjuvant was given every sixto eight weeks, 25 μg. in each of the foot pads. Blood was collected 5to 7 days after booster injections and the serum containing the antibodywas separated by centrifugation.

EXAMPLE 3 Radioimmunoassay:

The radioimmunoassay was performed by incubating various dilutions ofantisera obtained in Example 2 in the presence of 8 × 10⁻⁴ μc [C¹⁴]pentobarbital sodium (New England Nuclear, 4.13 mc/mM), approximately1,000 counts/minute, at 4° C: overnight. After incubation, a neutralsaturated ammonium sulfate solution (volume equal to incubation medium)was added to all tubes. The precipitate, containing antibody-boundpentobarbital, was washed two times with an equal volume of 50%saturated ammonium sulfate and then dissolved in 0.5 ml. of commercialdetergent solubilizer such as "NCS solubilizer" and quantitativelytransferred and counted in a Packard Tri-Carb liquid scintillationspectrometer. The tube which contains radioactive pentobarbital andantiserum but no unlabeled pentobarbital serves as a measure of maximumantibody-bound radioactivity. The addition of increasing amounts ofunlabeled pentobarbital to a fixed amount of labeled pentobarbital andantiserum resulted in a competitive inhibition of the labeledpentobarbital for the formation of the antibody-hapten complex. The dataobtained is summarized below in Table I.

                  Table I                                                         ______________________________________                                        Nanograms non-radioactive                                                                      Percent inhibition of binding                                pentobarbital added                                                                            of pentobarbital-C.sup.14                                    ______________________________________                                         1               10                                                            5               20                                                           10               28                                                           20               43                                                           30               52                                                           40               63                                                           ______________________________________                                    

The above data clearly demonstrates the sensitivity of the method. Whenplotted in graphic form, the data contained in the above tabledemonstrates a linear relationship between the amount of non-radioactivepentobarbital added and the percent of inhibition found. The addition of5 nanograms of pentobarbital in the sample volume of 10 μl. caused a 20%inhibition of binding of the labeled compound. Greater sensitivity ispossible by employing larger sample volumes.

Comparison runs were also carried out with other barbituric acidderivatives and compounds resembling barbituric acid somewhat instructure. The antibody was capable of recognizing barbital,pentobarbital and phenobarbital, all of which differ only by thesubstituents on C₅. In contrast, the antibody failed to bindhexobarbital or thiopental at similar concentrations. These compoundshave a 1-methyl and 2-thio substituents, respectively.

I claim:
 1. A barbituric acid specific antibody consisting of a gammaglobulin fraction protein having a multiplicity of sites which willselectively complex with a 5-substituted-1,3-unsubstituted-barbituricacid and an antigen consisting essentially of a5-substituted-1,3-unsubstituted-barbituric acid derivative coupledthrough said 5-substituent by means of a peptide linkage to animmunogenic carrier material selected from the group consisting ofproteins and polypeptides, said barbituric acid antibody being preparedby innoculating a host animal with the aforementioned antigen,collecting the serum from said host animal and precipitating theantibody therefrom.
 2. The antibody of claim 1 wherein said gammaglobulin fraction protein has a molecular weight of about 160,000.